Most property managers and owners can state their property’s most productive use and reel off a list of potential uses as well. But not all of them know their property’s specific use restrictions, and fewer still realize how those limitations affect the property’s value for tax assessment purposes.
Government Restrictions
Local zoning laws impose the most common use restrictions, and their impact on property uses and potential values is commonly understood. A property zoned for development as a retail power center, for example, will generally have a higher market value than a property which is limited to uses such as auto repair or animal kenneling. Market values are often used to set tax assessment values, so a use restriction that increases or reduces market value will also increase or reduce a property’s tax assessment value.
Less common restrictions that can impair a property’s value include covenants or agreements entered into with a municipality. Whether for future development of a parking structure, for fire department ingress and egress lanes or to meet open-space standards, these covenants typically limit the owner’s ability to fully develop the property and thereby reduce its market value.
Similarly, historical designations by local government generally reduce a property’s market value because they limit the owner’s ability to configure the property to produce maximum rental income.
Even fire suppression requirements reduced market value for one commercial property. This multi-building campus was constructed to suit a technology company, with all fire suppression controls located in a single building. When the technology firm moved out, regulations enforced by the local fire department prohibited the new owner from leasing or selling individual buildings because all but one of the structures lacked onsite control of the existing sprinkler system, those being in another building.
Semiprivate Restrictions
The complexities of government-imposed restrictions pale in comparison to semiprivate restrictions that are often created during a property’s development. Consider the covenants, conditions and restrictions on use (CC&Rs) imposed when property is subdivided for development.
CC&Rs are not typically classified as “government-imposed,” as they are based on an agreement between the developer and property owners within a development. Yet these covenants do limit how the property may be used.
While CC&Rs often govern planned residential developments, they also regulate property usage in some industrial parks and retail centers. Because CC&Rs lack the uniformity of government-imposed zoning laws, which theoretically would apply equally to competing commercial properties, the restrictions in CC&Rs usually impact property market values negatively by limiting potential uses.
Another complex area involves easements between adjacent property owners or among multiple owners within a larger development. Like CC&Rs, easements limit property uses and can reduce market value.
Private Restrictions
The most common private usage constraint is the deed restriction, which prevents the buyer of a property from using it for certain purposes. The treatment of deed restrictions and other limitations imposed by property owners varies by state.
In some states, such as California, property tax assessors must ignore private use restrictions, while in other states such restrictions are taken into consideration when assessing properties.
Deed restrictions and other privately imposed usage limitations can significantly affect real estate value. A property restricted to residential use where neighboring properties are allowed retail or industrial uses will have a lower market value. However, if the local tax assessor is prohibited from considering such private restrictions, the property’s assessed value may be much higher than the market would otherwise indicate.
State, Local Laws Prevail
Clearly, use restrictions — whether government-imposed or privately imposed — will usually impact a property’s market value. But from a property tax perspective, an assessor may or may not consider use restrictions in determining taxable value.
Whether and how an assessor considers use restrictions in an assessment usually depends on state and local tax laws. In California, property tax regulations, court decisions and guidance documents issued by the State Board of Equalization assist property owners in understanding how use restrictions may or may not affect their property’s taxable value.
In some cases, however, the treatment of use restrictions is based on local tax assessment policies which are not set forth in any particular statute, regulation or court decision. Tax or legal advisers who interact regularly with local tax assessors can be invaluable resources in those jurisdictions.
Use restrictions play a significant role in property tax assessments. Knowing a property’s use restrictions and how those restrictions affect value is crucial to obtaining a fair property tax assessment. Armed with information about their particular use restrictions, savvy property managers and owners will find out how the local assessor uses those restrictions to determine taxable value. In most cases, that will involve collaborating with a professional experienced in handling local property taxes.
— By Cris K. O’Neall, shareholder with the law firm of Greenberg Traurig LLP in Irvine, California. The firm is the California member of American Property Tax Counsel, the national affiliation of property tax attorneys. This article first appeared in the September 2019 issue of Texas Real Estate Business magazine.